Per-Pupil Spending and Outcomes
Money works when targeted, washes out when sprayed.
B · 18/24
1 · The idealist case (in its proponents' own framing)
Spend more to raise achievement.
2 · The realist counter-case
Critics cite flat NAEP-vs-spending trends.
3 · Predicted vs. measured — with caveats
QJE 2016 + 2024 AEJ meta (+$1k/4yr -> +0.0316 sigma) show targeted gains; aggregate NAEP flat since 2003.
4 · Liberty check
Investment vs. accountability for results.
5 · The real tradeoff
Targeting is the variable that matters.
Allies & Playbook
If you want to copy this, start here.
No individual sponsor record is catalogued for this policy yet. Start with the primary sources below and the Allies directory.